E prosperous grafting of GMA on BS. Immediately after the ringopening reaction, the bands at 1460 cm1 are assigned to the NH bands of EDA and PEHA [22]. The new bands appeared at 1650 cm1 in curves e and f would be the characteristic bands of quaternary nitrogen, confirming that the tertiary amines of EDA and PEHA were converted into the quaternary ammonium group [30,31].Figure 3. FTIR spectra of original BS (a), BSGMA (b), BSGMAEDA (c), BSGMAPEHA (d), BSGMAEDAQ (e), and BSGMAPEHAQ (f).3.2.two. SEM Photographs SEM photographs of the spectra of BSbased adsorbents are shown in Figure 4. The surface structure of BS demonstrated ordered fibrils and no other substance attached simply because lignin was removed by NaOH therapy. Right after GMA grafting, the cellulose fiber’s frequent arrangement on the BS surface was destroyed (Figure 4b). Soon after chemical modification by EDA and PEHA and additional quaternization, the BS surface became rough as a result of the GMA graft polymerization and linkage of numerous amine chain attached to the BS surface (Figure 4c,d). Soon after quaternization, the surface became rougher as a result of the immobilization of 1bromohexane. The surface alterations of BS ahead of and just after grafting, combined with all the infrared spectra, confirmed that the chemical modification was productive.Appl. Sci. 2021, 11,six ofFigure 4. SEM photographs of BS (a), BSGMA (b), BSGMAEDA (c), BSGMAPEHA (d), BSGMAEDAQ (e) and BSGMAPEHAQ (f).3.2.three. TG Evaluation Figure five shows the TG evaluation of BS based adsorbents. BS shows high thermal stability up to 300 C and decomposes rapidly above 300 C, displaying a onestep weight-loss. The BSGMA curve (b) shows a gradual weight decrease inside the array of 23000 C. The weight loss was because of the complicated thermal decomposition of your BS along with the grafted GMA chains. Nonetheless, for the aminated BS and quaternized BS, the thermal degradation behavior involved a twostage course of action. The principal weight reduction occurred in between 220 and 450 C, suggesting that these adsorbents may very well be utilised for phosphate adsorption.Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW7 ofAppl. Sci. 2021, 11,7 of100Mass 60 40 20 0BS (a) BSGMA (b) BSGMAEDA (c) BSGMAPEHA (d) BSGMAEDAQ (e) BSGMAPEHAQ (f)200 400 600 Hymeglusin MedChemExpress Temperature Figure five. TG evaluation for BS (a), BSGMA (b), BSGMAEDA (c), BSGMAPHEA (d), BSGMAEDAFigure five. TG analysis for BS (a), BSGMA (b), BSGMAEDA (c), BSGMAPHEA (d), BSGMAEDAQ (e), and BSGMAPHEAQ (f).Q (e), and BSGMAPHEAQ (f).three.two.four. XPS AnalysisXPS analysis was used to provide the element’s chemical state 1-Methylpyrrolidine-d3 Autophagy around the adsorbent. XPS analysis was utilized to provide the element’s chemical state on the adsorbent. Figure six shows the highresolution N1s spectra of BS primarily based adsorbents. The N1s spectra Figure 6 shows the highresolution N1s spectra of at 399.53 eV and 400.55 eV. N1s spectra of of BSGMAEDA were curvefitted into two peaks situated BS primarily based adsorbents. The N1s BSGMAEDA have been curvefitted into two and 400.33 eV at 399.53 quaternizaspectra of are BSGMAPEHA located at 398.77 eV peaks located [32]. Just after eV and 400.55 eV. N1s spectra at 399.53 of BSGMAEDA shifted to 402.18 eV, 400.33 peak at 398.77 eV tion, the peakof are BSGMAPEHA located at 398.77 eV and and theeV [32]. Right after quaternization, the 402.09 eV, displaying that quaternization was 402.18 eV, and also the shifted to peak at 399.53 of BSGMAEDA shifted tosuccessful [335]. peak at 398.77 eV shifted3.two.4. XPS Analysisto 402.09 eV, showing that quaternization was successful [335].1200 1100Intensity (a.u.)(a) BSGMAEDA399.53 eV PA=2400Intensity (a.u.)(b) BSGMAPEHA.