Terms as explanatory variables had been made use of to analyze enzyme activity applying
Terms as explanatory variables were made use of to analyze enzyme activity using R .The enzyme activity measurements are offered as supplementary dataset [see Extra file].Table The precise varieties of enzyme activity measured with insoluble chromogenic AZCL substratesSubstrate Starch AZCLAmylose Protein AZCLCasein AZCLCollagen Pectin AZCLDebr.Zidebactam supplier Arabinan AZCLRhamnogalacturonan AZCLGalactomannan AZCLGalactan Cellulose AZCLHECellulose AZCLBarley Glucan AZCLXyloglucan Crosslinking Glycans AZCLXylan AZCLArabinoxylan endo,xylanase endo,xylanase Cellulase (endo,glucanase) Cellulase (endo,glucanase) endo,xyloglucanase endo,arabinase Rhamnogalacturonanase endo,mannanase endo,galactanase endoprotease endoprotease amylase EnzymeAZCL Azurine crosslinked polysaccharides (Megazyme Bray, Ireland).Outcomes Molecular analysis revealed distinct speciesspecific sequences for T.zeteki, T.sp and S.amabilis, however the T.cornetzi colonies segregated in three groups based on a maximumlikelihood posterior probability similarity cutoff, and as a result likely represent distinct crypticspecies (denoted T.cornetzi sp Figure).Network analysis recovered the exact same six groups of Sericomyrmex and Trachymyrmex fungusgrowing ant species as inside the phylogenetic evaluation [see Extra file].Phylogenetic analysis with the identified fungal haplotypes created seven distinct cultivar clades when employing a maximumlikelihood posterior probability similarity cutoff (labelled AG; Figure) as previously applied in a equivalent analysis of cultivars of North American Trachymyrmex by Mikheyev et al..Also for the cultivars, network analysis identified the same haplotype groups and structured them in seven unconnected subnetworks with minimal variation within every single network [see Extra file].The sampled colonies of T.sp.and S.amabilis cultivated a single genetically distinct fungal haplotype (A and B, respectively), whereas the four other Trachymyrmex species shared 5 fungal haplotypes (CG), but to various degrees (Figure).The 5 T.cornetzi sp.colonies along with the nine T.zeteki had 3, largely but not entirely overlapping haplotypes each, and two fungal haplotypes (C and D) had been connected with 3 various ant species (Figure ).AMOVA of fungal haplotype distributions showed that sequence variation involving ant species barely exceeded variation within ant species (Table).A second evaluation excluding S.amabilis and T.sp.since they had no cultivar variation showed that in the fungal genetic variation occurred inside species and only across species, but this level didDe Fine Licht and Boomsma BMC Evolutionary Biology , www.biomedcentral.comPage ofnot pretty attain statistical significance (Table).Fisher’s exact tests of contingency tables containing exactly the same data confirmed a considerably nonrandom association pattern in between ants and cultivars (p) for the full information set, but the null hypothesis of random association could no longer be rejected immediately after excluding S.amabilis and T.sp.and analyzing only the four ant species that cultivated extra than a single cultivar haplotype (p ).Activities from the carbohydrate active enzymes differed considerably in between the seven fungal haplotypes (Figure).The main enzyme PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21325703 and haplotype effects had been both important (F, p F, p respectively) plus a substantial interaction term showed that various enzymes had been most active in distinct fungal haplotypes (F, p ).The enzyme primary effect is just not meaningful, as the units of activity usually are not compa.