Uk Biol 72: 10111019. 28. Sugai T, Mori M, Nakazawa M, Ichino M, Naruto T, et al. A CpGcontaining oligodeoxynucleotide as an efficient adjuvant counterbalancing the Th1/Th2 immune response in diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. Vaccine 23: 54505456. 29. McCluskie MJ, Davis HL CpG DNA is a potent enhancer of systemic and mucosal immune responses against hepatitis B surface antigen with intranasal administration to mice. J Immunol 161: 44634466. 30. Hartmann E, Graefe H, Hopert A, Pries R, Rothenfusser S, et al. Analysis of Plasmacytoid and Myeloid Dendritic Cells in Nasal Epithelium. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13: 12781286. 31. Agrawal1 T, Vats V, Wallace PK, Singh A, Salhan S, et al. Recruitment of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in cervical mucosa for the duration of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 15: 5059. 32. Pesce I, Monaci E, Muzzi A, Tritto E, Tavarini S, et al. Intranasal administration of CpG induces a speedy and transient cytokine response followed by dendritic and natural killer cell activation and recruitment in the mouse lung. J Innate Immun 2: 144159. 33. Le Bon A, Schiavoni G, D’Agostino G, Gresser I, Belardelli F, et al. Variety I interferons potently improve humoral immunity and can promote isotype switching by stimulating dendritic cells in vivo. Immunity 14: 461470. 9 Phosphodiester CpG as Mucosal Adjuvant 34. Swanson CL, Wilson TJ, Strauch P, Colonna M, Pelanda R, et al. Form I IFN enhances 18204824 follicular B-cell contribution to the T cell-independent Tubastatin A web antibody response. J Exp Med 207: 14851500. 35. Snapper CM, Paul 23148522 WE Interferon-c and B cell stimulatory factor-1 reciprocally regulate Ig isotype production. Science 236: 944947. 36. Stavnezer J. Kang J The surpLecirelin web rising discovery that TGF beta particularly induces the IgA class switch. J Immunol 182: 57. 37. Gonzalez-Navajas J. Lee MJ, David M, Raz E Immunomodulatory functions of sort I interferons. Nat Rev Immunol 12: 125135. 38. Faquim-Mauro EL, Coffman RL, Abrahamsohn IA, Macedo MS Cutting edge: mouse IgG1 antibodies comprise two functionally distinct kinds that happen to be differentially regulated by IL-4 and IL-12. J Immunol 163: 35723576. 39. Kaetzel CS, Bruno MEC Epithelial transport of IgA by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. In: Kaetzel CS, editor. Mucosal Immune Defense: Immunoglobulin A. New York: Springer. 4389. 40. Cerutti A The regulation of IgA class switching. Nat Rev Immunol 8: 421434. 41. Tezuka H, Abe Y, Asano J, Sato T, Liu J, et al. Prominent Role for plasmacytoid dendritic cells in mucosal T cell-independent IgA induction. Immunity 34: 247257. 10 ~~ ~~ The rising prevalence of Alzheimer’s illness, the commonest neurodegenerative disorder, along with the linked monetary and social fees this brings, presents a significant challenge to governments of nations with an ageing population. Given that only symptomatic treatments for Alzheimer’s illness presently exist, substantially analysis has focused on the improvement of drugs which slow and even halt neurodegeneration and, as a result, clinical progression. Having said that, clinical trials in neurodegenerative disorders have struggled to separate out symptomatic effects of potential therapeutic agents from true disease-modifying effects. In Alzheimer’s illness, it is at present not attainable to directly measure the number of remaining cortical neurons in vivo and, for that reason, alternative approaches are necessary. Clinical assessments in Alzheimer’s disease employing scales to measure cognitive impairment, disability, high-quality of life,.Uk Biol 72: 10111019. 28. Sugai T, Mori M, Nakazawa M, Ichino M, Naruto T, et al. A CpGcontaining oligodeoxynucleotide as an effective adjuvant counterbalancing the Th1/Th2 immune response in diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. Vaccine 23: 54505456. 29. McCluskie MJ, Davis HL CpG DNA is often a potent enhancer of systemic and mucosal immune responses against hepatitis B surface antigen with intranasal administration to mice. J Immunol 161: 44634466. 30. Hartmann E, Graefe H, Hopert A, Pries R, Rothenfusser S, et al. Evaluation of Plasmacytoid and Myeloid Dendritic Cells in Nasal Epithelium. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13: 12781286. 31. Agrawal1 T, Vats V, Wallace PK, Singh A, Salhan S, et al. Recruitment of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in cervical mucosa for the duration of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 15: 5059. 32. Pesce I, Monaci E, Muzzi A, Tritto E, Tavarini S, et al. Intranasal administration of CpG induces a fast and transient cytokine response followed by dendritic and natural killer cell activation and recruitment within the mouse lung. J Innate Immun 2: 144159. 33. Le Bon A, Schiavoni G, D’Agostino G, Gresser I, Belardelli F, et al. Type I interferons potently boost humoral immunity and may market isotype switching by stimulating dendritic cells in vivo. Immunity 14: 461470. 9 Phosphodiester CpG as Mucosal Adjuvant 34. Swanson CL, Wilson TJ, Strauch P, Colonna M, Pelanda R, et al. Variety I IFN enhances 18204824 follicular B-cell contribution towards the T cell-independent antibody response. J Exp Med 207: 14851500. 35. Snapper CM, Paul 23148522 WE Interferon-c and B cell stimulatory factor-1 reciprocally regulate Ig isotype production. Science 236: 944947. 36. Stavnezer J. Kang J The surprising discovery that TGF beta especially induces the IgA class switch. J Immunol 182: 57. 37. Gonzalez-Navajas J. Lee MJ, David M, Raz E Immunomodulatory functions of type I interferons. Nat Rev Immunol 12: 125135. 38. Faquim-Mauro EL, Coffman RL, Abrahamsohn IA, Macedo MS Cutting edge: mouse IgG1 antibodies comprise two functionally distinct sorts which might be differentially regulated by IL-4 and IL-12. J Immunol 163: 35723576. 39. Kaetzel CS, Bruno MEC Epithelial transport of IgA by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. In: Kaetzel CS, editor. Mucosal Immune Defense: Immunoglobulin A. New York: Springer. 4389. 40. Cerutti A The regulation of IgA class switching. Nat Rev Immunol 8: 421434. 41. Tezuka H, Abe Y, Asano J, Sato T, Liu J, et al. Prominent Function for plasmacytoid dendritic cells in mucosal T cell-independent IgA induction. Immunity 34: 247257. ten ~~ ~~ The rising prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease, the commonest neurodegenerative disorder, plus the related economic and social expenses this brings, presents a significant challenge to governments of nations with an ageing population. Provided that only symptomatic treatment options for Alzheimer’s illness at the moment exist, a great deal study has focused around the development of drugs which slow or even halt neurodegeneration and, consequently, clinical progression. Nonetheless, clinical trials in neurodegenerative issues have struggled to separate out symptomatic effects of prospective therapeutic agents from true disease-modifying effects. In Alzheimer’s disease, it really is at the moment not attainable to directly measure the number of remaining cortical neurons in vivo and, therefore, alternative approaches are necessary. Clinical assessments in Alzheimer’s illness making use of scales to measure cognitive impairment, disability, quality of life,.