Terms as explanatory variables had been applied to analyze enzyme activity applying
Terms as explanatory variables have been utilised to analyze enzyme activity working with R .The enzyme activity measurements are provided as supplementary dataset [see Extra file].Table The precise types of enzyme activity measured with insoluble chromogenic AZCL substratesSubstrate Starch AZCLAmylose Protein AZCLCasein AZCLCollagen Pectin AZCLDebr.Arabinan AZCLRhamnogalacturonan AZCLGalactomannan AZCLGalactan Cellulose AZCLHECellulose AZCLBarley Glucan AZCLXyloglucan Crosslinking Glycans AZCLXylan AZCLArabinoxylan endo,xylanase endo,xylanase Cellulase (endo,glucanase) Cellulase (endo,glucanase) endo,xyloglucanase endo,arabinase Rhamnogalacturonanase endo,mannanase endo,galactanase endoprotease endoprotease amylase EnzymeAZCL Azurine crosslinked polysaccharides (Megazyme Bray, Ireland).Results Molecular evaluation revealed distinct speciesspecific sequences for T.zeteki, T.sp and S.amabilis, but the T.cornetzi colonies segregated in 3 groups based on a maximumlikelihood posterior probability similarity cutoff, and hence likely represent distinct crypticspecies (denoted T.cornetzi sp Figure).Network evaluation recovered the precise very same six groups of Sericomyrmex and Trachymyrmex fungusgrowing ant species as in the phylogenetic evaluation [see Additional file].Phylogenetic evaluation of the identified fungal haplotypes produced seven distinct cultivar clades when using a maximumlikelihood posterior probability similarity cutoff (labelled AG; Figure) as previously applied in a equivalent evaluation of cultivars of North American Trachymyrmex by Mikheyev et al..Also for the cultivars, network PRIMA-1 Solubility analysis identified the same haplotype groups and structured them in seven unconnected subnetworks with minimal variation within each and every network [see Added file].The sampled colonies of T.sp.and S.amabilis cultivated a single genetically distinct fungal haplotype (A and B, respectively), whereas the four other Trachymyrmex species shared five fungal haplotypes (CG), but to distinctive degrees (Figure).The 5 T.cornetzi sp.colonies and also the nine T.zeteki had three, mostly but not totally overlapping haplotypes every single, and two fungal haplotypes (C and D) have been linked with 3 diverse ant species (Figure ).AMOVA of fungal haplotype distributions showed that sequence variation amongst ant species barely exceeded variation inside ant species (Table).A second analysis excluding S.amabilis and T.sp.mainly because they had no cultivar variation showed that with the fungal genetic variation occurred inside species and only across species, but this level didDe Fine Licht and Boomsma BMC Evolutionary Biology , www.biomedcentral.comPage ofnot rather attain statistical significance (Table).Fisher’s precise tests of contingency tables containing the same information confirmed a considerably nonrandom association pattern in between ants and cultivars (p) for the complete information set, but the null hypothesis of random association could no longer be rejected just after excluding S.amabilis and T.sp.and analyzing only the 4 ant species that cultivated more than a single cultivar haplotype (p ).Activities from the carbohydrate active enzymes differed drastically involving the seven fungal haplotypes (Figure).The key enzyme PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21325703 and haplotype effects had been both substantial (F, p F, p respectively) plus a significant interaction term showed that distinct enzymes were most active in diverse fungal haplotypes (F, p ).The enzyme most important effect will not be meaningful, because the units of activity are certainly not compa.