N the forest floor.Regional microhabitat differences as a result appear to become
N the forest floor.Regional microhabitat variations hence seem to become unimportant for fungal cultivar specialization, while it was notable that T.cornetzi species and essentially shared all symbionts with T.zeteki, but that T.cornetzi species seemed to rear a distinctive set of fungi much more closely related to the leafcutting ant cultivar Leucoagaricus gongylophorus (Figure).Sample sizes had been also smaller to draw any firm conclusions on cultivar specificity among the three cryptic T.cornetzi species, since one particular evaluation showed that of the general variance in cultivar Genz-112638 Data Sheet identity among ant species rearing more than a single cultivar occurred inside species plus a subsequent contingency table analysis failed to reject the hypothesis that associations are random within this group of 4 Trachymyrmex species.In spite of the obligate dependency of all higherattine ants on specialized fungal cultivars, each parties may advantage from occasional “speciesrecombination” events to get superior partnerships.Such novel antfungus relationships could be generated by occasional horizontal transmission of fungal cultivars involving ant nests .T.zeteki, the T.cornetzi species, and S.amabilis practically absolutely have overlapping foraging territories in order that founding queens that have lost their very own cultivar could encounter burrows of con or allospecific other queens to steal gardens .This implies that the two situations of onetoone specialization in our data set (T.sp.and S.amabilis) are unlikely to be due to PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21323541 lack of chance in encountering alternative symbionts.However, that leaves the query why their single lineages of symbionts did not diversify.Both ant species are common in the Panama canal zone , seem to possess outbred panmictic mating systems, and there is no indication of populationDe Fine Licht and Boomsma BMC Evolutionary Biology , www.biomedcentral.comPage ofsubstructuring in certainly one of them (S.amabilis) that was barcoded at many Panamanian sites (J.Liberti et al.unpublished final results).The cultivation of a single fungal symbiont by T.sp..and S.amabilis as a result appears unlikely to become because of recent invasions accompanied by genetic bottlenecks, but largerscale barcoding studies as discussed above are going to be needed to assess the degree to which these onetoone interactionspecificities are maintained across Panama.As far as interactionspecificity studies happen to be done within the reduced attine ants, additionally they located the complete range of higher to no cultivar specialization Mycocepurus smithii is recognized to cultivate at the least nine distinctive symbionts in sympatry but Cyphomyrmex species cultivate one particular symbiont per ant species throughout a whole lineage .However, within the latter study, spatial sampling scales have been substantially bigger and replicate sampling within websites a lot less than our present single web site approach.The decrease attine ants rear nonspecialized fungal symbionts that likely continue to exchange genes with freeliving relatives at some low frequency , which may possibly recommend that interaction specificity inside the lower attine ants is as variable as in the greater attine ants, in spite of fundamental variations in symbiotic commitment involving obligate and nonspecialized crop symbionts.This underlines that the hugely derived symbiont species L.gongylophorus that all Atta and Acromyrmex leafcutting ants rear could represent a unique form of specificity that came about in the course of a secondary selective sweep only a few million years ago .Feasible fitness consequences of cultivar genotype diversityThe inte.