Terms as explanatory variables had been utilized to analyze enzyme activity making use of
Terms as explanatory variables have been employed to analyze enzyme activity employing R .The enzyme activity measurements are supplied as supplementary dataset [see More file].Table The distinct kinds of enzyme activity measured with insoluble chromogenic AZCL substratesSubstrate Starch AZCLAmylose Protein AZCLCasein AZCLCollagen Pectin AZCLDebr.Arabinan AZCLRhamnogalacturonan AZCLGalactomannan AZCLGalactan Cellulose AZCLHECellulose AZCLBarley Glucan AZCLXyloglucan Crosslinking Glycans AZCLXylan AZCLArabinoxylan endo,xylanase endo,xylanase Cellulase (endo,glucanase) Cellulase (endo,glucanase) endo,xyloglucanase endo,arabinase Rhamnogalacturonanase endo,mannanase endo,galactanase endoprotease endoprotease amylase EnzymeAZCL Azurine crosslinked polysaccharides (Megazyme Bray, Ireland).Final results Molecular analysis revealed distinct speciesspecific sequences for T.zeteki, T.sp and S.amabilis, however the T.cornetzi colonies segregated in 3 groups based on a maximumlikelihood posterior probability similarity cutoff, and therefore probably represent distinct crypticspecies (denoted T.cornetzi sp Figure).Network analysis recovered the precise same six groups of Sericomyrmex and Trachymyrmex fungusgrowing ant species as within the phylogenetic analysis [see Additional file].Phylogenetic analysis with the identified fungal haplotypes produced seven distinct cultivar clades when utilizing a maximumlikelihood posterior probability similarity cutoff (labelled AG; Figure) as previously applied in a similar evaluation of cultivars of North American Trachymyrmex by Mikheyev et al..Also for the cultivars, network evaluation identified the exact same NSC305787 Inhibitor haplotype groups and structured them in seven unconnected subnetworks with minimal variation inside every single network [see Further file].The sampled colonies of T.sp.and S.amabilis cultivated a single genetically distinct fungal haplotype (A and B, respectively), whereas the 4 other Trachymyrmex species shared 5 fungal haplotypes (CG), but to various degrees (Figure).The 5 T.cornetzi sp.colonies as well as the nine T.zeteki had 3, largely but not totally overlapping haplotypes every single, and two fungal haplotypes (C and D) were connected with three different ant species (Figure ).AMOVA of fungal haplotype distributions showed that sequence variation amongst ant species barely exceeded variation inside ant species (Table).A second analysis excluding S.amabilis and T.sp.mainly because they had no cultivar variation showed that of your fungal genetic variation occurred within species and only across species, but this level didDe Fine Licht and Boomsma BMC Evolutionary Biology , www.biomedcentral.comPage ofnot quite attain statistical significance (Table).Fisher’s precise tests of contingency tables containing the identical data confirmed a drastically nonrandom association pattern between ants and cultivars (p) for the full information set, but the null hypothesis of random association could no longer be rejected just after excluding S.amabilis and T.sp.and analyzing only the four ant species that cultivated additional than a single cultivar haplotype (p ).Activities from the carbohydrate active enzymes differed substantially involving the seven fungal haplotypes (Figure).The principle enzyme PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21325703 and haplotype effects were each substantial (F, p F, p respectively) in addition to a significant interaction term showed that various enzymes were most active in distinct fungal haplotypes (F, p ).The enzyme key effect is not meaningful, as the units of activity usually are not compa.