Idespread flavonoids), terpenoids (e.g., iridoid glycosides, triterpenoid saponins), or ranunculin (characteristic with the Ranunculaceae). Following the specific host plant(s) of every sawfly species, host toxicity was then coded as `never’ (code `0′), occasionally (`1′), or `always’ (`2′), depending on the doable occurrence of toxins inside the diet. As an example, the code was `0′ for any specialist sawfly species feeding on a non-toxic plant genus, `1′ for a generalist feeding on each toxic and non-toxic hosts, and `2′ to get a sawfly species only feeding on a toxic plant, or feeding on quite a few plant taxa which are all toxic.Ten ecological traits linked towards the behavior, morphology and chemical ecology of your sawfly larvae were coded as far as these traits are involved in defense (see Figure 3). The information were extracted from typical functions on sawflies (e.g., [48,55,64,73] and literature therein), a distinct work on effortless bleeding [40], at the same time as unpublished observations and sources. For traits altering during successive larval stages, the final stage preceding the (frequently non-feeding) eonymph was thought of.Correlation analysesThe existence of phylogenetic correlations among numerous ecological and defensive traits was evaluated by Bayesian stochastic character mapping [74,75] as implemented in SIMMAP v. 1.5.2 [76]. For these analyses, we chosen ten out of the 66 character-pair comparisons that are feasible amongst the 12 focal traits listed in Table 1. Most correlations to become performed were selected determined by previously proposed hypotheses (see [39,40,47] and Table 2). Stateby-state associations in between characters had been evaluated according to the dij statistic, which measures co-occurrence of states i and j Pefa 6003 across branches in relation for the expectation beneath independent evolution [75]. OverallTable 1 Plant options plus ecological and defensive traits of tenthredinid sawfly larvae made use of in reconstructing ancestral states and analyzing phylogenetic correlationsCharacter Eating plan breadth Plant toxicity Mechanical plant protection Placement on leaf Gregariousness Defensive physique movements Predominant physique coloration Distinct dark to black spots Exocrine ventral glands Physique setation and protrusions Integumental wax layer Simple bleeding (Code) state (0) one particular plant species or genus, (1) at the least two plant genera but of one household, (two) plant genera of at the least two families (0) never ever, (1) at times, (2) normally (0) free-living larva, (1) leaf miner, (two) borer, (3) galler (0) leaf edge, (1) leaf upper- andor underside (0) solitary, (1) aggregated, i.e., larvae distributed on a plant, frequently three per leaf, (2) really gregarious, i.e., larvae on one particular leaf or quite a few adjacent leaves (0) dropping quickly andor violent movements, (1) no, (two) raising abdomen (0) green, (1) white ventrally and green dorsally, (2) white or yellow, (3) brown-grey to black, or white ventrally and dark dorsally (0) absent, (1) present (0) absent, (1) present (0) with quite PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21337810 short setae and with no long protrusions, (1) with setae 16 so long as physique diameter, (2) with protrusions or spines 16 provided that physique diameter (0) no, (1) yes (0) no, (1) yesBoevet al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:198 http:www.biomedcentral.com1471-214813Page eight ofTable 2 Overall phylogenetic correlations among numerous ecological and defensive characters (D) and related P-values, estimated by Bayesian stochastic mapping across a sample of 500 post-burnin treesRef. [40] Character (code) Diet program breadth (1) Plant toxicity (2) [.