erties of nutraceuticals, manufacturers and specialists have also pretty seriously treated safety, its monitoring and reporting the occurrence of all adverse reactions (nutrivigilance) [132, 133]. Under we present only a couple of examples of nutraceuticals with documented lipid-lowering properties; see Table XIII for any complete list. The authorities of these suggestions have adapted with minor modifications the recommendations of the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP) on the use of nutraceuticals in treatment of lipid problems [13436].Table XIII. Suggestions for the use of nutraceuticals in treatment of lipid disorders (adapted International Lipid Professional Panel 2017 suggestions with modifications [134, 135]) name Encouraged dosage expected LDL-C reduction to 2 to 5 5 to five to 0 five to 0 eight to 5 5 to 0 to 0 to 0 to 0 to 0 to 5 Up to to 0 Class of recom- Level of recommendation mendation IIa IIa IIb IIb I IIa IIa IIa IIb I IIa IIb I IIb IIa IIa IIb IIa IIb IIb A A A B A A A B B A A A A B B A B B B BInhibitors of cholesterol absorption in the intestine Plant sterols and stanols Soluble fibre (beta-glucan, psyllium, glucomannan) Chitosan Probiotics Red yeast rice extract Garlic Pantethine (vitamin B5 derivative) Bergamot Polycosanol Inducers of LDL-C excretion Berberine Green tea extract Soy and lupin proteins Polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids Gamma-oryzanol Spirulina Curcumin L-carnitine Artichoke Vitamin E Anthocyanins 500500 mg 2500 g 2500 g two g 300 mg 40000 UI 0.5 g 1 g 1 g (leaf extract) 40000 UI 10050 mg 400000 mg 55 g 1 g Depending on bacterial strain three mg five g (extract) 60000 mg 500000 mg (polyphenol fractions, BPF) 100 mgInhibitors of hepatic cholesterol synthesisOther nutraceuticals of mixed propertiesBased on a draft EFSA decision of May 2021. Consideration needs to be paid to enhanced danger of atrial fibrillation.Arch Med Sci six, October /PoLA/CFPiP/PCS/PSLD/PSD/PSH guidelines on diagnosis and therapy of lipid issues in Poland8.4.1. Phytosterols and stanolsThe main phytosterols are sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol. They may be present naturally in ALK5 web vegetable fats, vegetables, fresh fruit, whole grain items, and leguminous plants. At present, they are added to certain margarines and yoghurts. Each day intake of two g of phytosterols or stanols (synthesised from plant sterols; naturally present in fruit, nuts, grain, and vegetable oils) translates into a reduction of LDL-C and TC concentration by ca. 70 [137, 138].8.four.two. MUFA and PUFAIn this group, n-3 acids deserve IL-3 Source specific focus. Their consumption in the volume of about 2 g/day translates into a TG reduction by ca. 250 , also as a significant reduction of inflammatory markers. However, such supplementation may perhaps translate into only a little reduction of LDL-C concentration (ca. 5 ). The newest data indicate that the impact of MUFA remedy (too because the use of omega-6 acids) is usually neutral and does not translate into considerable clinical positive aspects; thus, dietary fat content shouldn’t as significantly be lowered as modified, with focus on their good quality and replacement of SFA with omega-3 PUFA [123, 139]. The usage of n-3 PUFA is recommended in remedy of hypertriglyceridaemia in individuals with really high TG concentration as an adjuvant therapy, as well as the latest data, especially these concerning hugely purified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA icosapent ethyl), also indicate that this effect, related having a significant reduction of TG