Nt temperature and stress circumstances (SATP). The carbonation reaction time is amongst a number of seconds and 15 min based on the inner surface, the porosity and the size from the CaO main crystal contained in the ash [24]. It was not feasible to determine these parameters together with the available laboratory gear, and in consequence, it was not probable to estimate the reaction time with the carbonation reaction based on the respective raw material properties. Consequently, as a preparation, the slurries were stirred for 20 min to make sure that the quicklime (CaO) inside the wood ash had adequate time to react to slaked lime (Ca(OH)2). To prevent the sedimentation on the wood ash particles, the slurry was stirred with a magnetic stirrer at 700 rpm. The batch series (batch method) tested the influence in the strong to liquid ratio on the carbonation procedure (Figure 1A). The reactor had a volume of 2000 mL. Prior to the experiment, 510 mL of air at 105 Pa was pumped out with the reactor. The air from the reactor was pumped in to the measuring cylinder. The measuring cylinder contained saturated sodium chloride resolution as the confining liquid, which compressed the air for the reason that of hydrostatic pressure inside the measuring cylinder. The resulting volume of the air was 500 mL at 1.02 105 Pa. This method created unfavorable pressure within the reactor. The valve among the reactor and cylinder was closed plus the air released. Subsequently, 500 mL of pure CO2 from a CO2 gas cylinder was filled into the measuring cylinder at 1.02 105 Pa. The valve amongst cylinder and reactor was opened once more to suck the CO2 in to the wood ash-water slurry. The CO2 -containing gaseous phase was circulated together with the aim of increasing the slurry’s get in touch with surface working with a peristaltic pump. To enlarge the make contact with surface amongst CO2 and the water sh slurry, the gaseous phase had to pass through a diffusor. The carbonation led to a reduction within the gaseous volume, which triggered a pressure drop inside the reactor. Immediately after a reaction time of one particular hour, the experiment was stopped, and also a paper filter with an average retention capacity of 42 filtered the slurry. The flow test series (flow strategy) focused around the sequestration evaluation below dynamic circumstances, which resembled the dynamic conditions of a flue gas or biogas stream. The testing conditions and preparation were the exact same as in the batch series, but the experimental setup was reconstructed to DBCO-Maleimide web operate as a flow reactor with an open valve to prevent a stress boost (Figure 1B). The volumetric flow rate was set to 120 mL per Benoxinate hydrochloride site minute. CO2 entered the slurry by way of the left gas line coming from the measuring cylinder: 7200 mL of CO2 was discharged into the slurries. This process was chosen to provide as a great deal in the reactants as you possibly can for the carbonation, to show their maximum CEs. For additional evaluation, the carbonated wood ash samples as well as a none-carbonated reference sample had been dried with a drying cabinet (UNP 700, Memmert, Schwabach, Germany) at 105 C for about 24 h according to ISO 18134-1: [25]. two.two. pH-Value Determination and Elemental Analysis As an indicator for the reaction progress, the pH-value was determined prior and soon after the experiments in accordance with typical procedures (EN 15933: [26]-1) having a pH-Meter (pH 3310 ProfiLine by Xylem Analytics, Weilheim, Germany).Energies 2021, 14, FOR Energies 2021, 14, x7371 PEER REVIEW44 of 11 ofFigure 1. Schemes of Figure 1. Schemes of the experimental batch and flow setup. (A) The batch r.