**Background** Phthalocyanines are a class of macrocyclic compounds known for their intense color and exceptional stability, making them invaluable in various scientific and industrial applications. These compounds are widely utilized…
**Background** Liver fibrosis is a pathological response to chronic liver injury, characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. A central event in this process is the activation of…
**Background** Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a critical pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a pivotal role in innate and adaptive immunity. It is primarily produced by T cells and natural killer (NK) cells,…